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A fragrance is composed of a "Concentrated", that is the formula or perfume composition, combined with a liquid medium: alcohol or sometimes water. This allows it to spread and evaporate.
A perfume is qualified from its concentration, as follows:
The structure of fragrance depends on its application. Thus, a Cologne water include many top notes (notes that one immediately perceives when opening) and few base notes (notes that one perceives several hours after spraying), while an eau de parfum is full of base notes and light in top notes.
The scent is very fragile, it is altered and distorted over time. To best preserve, heat, light and dampness must be avoided. The spray is at the same time convenient for use, but also avoids air entering the bottle and the scent evaporating.